This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main production levels. Background the pebble mine, a proposed project in remote southwest alaska, would be one of the largest coppergoldmolybdenum mines in the world. An outcome of the international caving study now renamed mass mining technology and run through the. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping download. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock. The caved waste from the overlying rock mass fills the void created by ore extraction generating a dynamic mixing situation between the broken ore and the waste dilution from upper levels.
Stability of underground excavations in the course of applying the compared methods is evaluated in terms of the sheregesh deposit. This method is normally used in massive, steeplydipping orebodies with considerable strike length, and usually has a high amount of dilution and low recoveries. Block caving is an extreme case of sublevel caving in which instead of a back of ore 5 to 10 ft. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force. Sublevel caving article about sublevel caving by the. It follows the same basic principles as the block caving mining method. Gravity flow of broken rock muck in dipping narrow veins is complex.
By combined use of dimensional analysis and similitude studies in physical modelling coupled with numerical simulation, this paper reports results of a study of. After the bottom of the block, or panel, is cut up into pillars by drifts and cross drifts, the pillars are robbed, and then the remaining stumps are. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. An underground mining method used in large, steeply.
This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for. Economic value of the ore and grade distribution within the deposit. Sch is the distance from the end of the explosive charge in one hole to another that is nearest. Thus sublevel caving is usually used to mine lowgrade, lowvalue orebodies. The result is massive subsidence, accompanied by the exceptionally high production rate and great areal extent characteristic of block caving.
It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Description download block caving geomechanics s free in pdf format. The method functions on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting, while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of mineinduced stresses and gravity. Mine stability with application of sublevel caving schemes. The australian centre for geomechanics looks forward to hosting the fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving in vancouver in septemberoctober 2018. The loss and dilution of ore by sublevel caving mining method is influenced by gravity flow principles of caved granular materials rocks. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other.
Sublevel caving technique mining economic sublevel caving techniquefree download as pdf file. Caving is the only underground bulk mining method able to offer continued production at a comparably high rate with low operating costs srks caving experts at codelcos chuquicamata mine, chile 4648,5052,5460,dd 47 23052012 16. Modern day sublevel caving the sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using author. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659 stopes in the 3000 orebody of xstrata copper operations mount isa mine, located in. As in sublevel caving, the caving proceeds in a columnar fashion to the surface. Rock blasting in underground mining chapter 19 375 figure 19. Rock blasting in underground mining pdf free download.
Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. The first full work on one of many crucial underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics in response to the normal sublevel stoping course of utilized by most mining houses, throughout which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a selected mining method, gear availability, and work strain experience. Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining methods. Traditional mining methods for hangingwall orebody include surface mining and backfill stoping method such as that in the fenghuangshan iron mine of china and the kidd creek zinccopper mine of canada, the sublevel caving method such as that in the yeshan iron mine and the longshou mine of china, and the sublevel open stoping and caving mining method such as.
Sublevel caving sublevel caving draw control at the craigmont mine sublevel caving and draw control procedures at granduc. Rf is the radius of the fragmentation region of each blasthole. Ebook block caving geomechanics as pdf download portable. Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it to progressively collapse under its own weight. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. The paper expounds results gained in mathematical modeling of stress state of a rock mass under mining by sublevel caving with arealfrontal and frontal ore drawing schemes. An underground mining method used in large steeply dipping orebodies where theget price. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining.
A study of gravity flow principles of sublevel caving. The ore is extracted by level working downwards through the orebody. The ore deposit is developed by a series of sublevels spaced at vertical intervals of 18 to 25 ft or 30 ft 5. The ore is then drilled and blasted using longholes between levels, often in a circular or fan pattern, on. Download geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping pdf. Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method where the orebody is divided into a regular network of tunnels. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining.
Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping name author. The sublevel caving method is characterized by a gravity flow of lumpy material because both the blasted ore and the waste may contain large lumps of over 400 mm. Sublevel caving sublevel caving draw control at the craigmont mine. Parameters influencing full scale sublevel caving material. A stoping method in which relatively thin blocks of ore are caused to cave by successively undermining small panels. Metodo sublevel caving by juan carlos perez on prezi. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file hole diameter d. What is the difference between sublevel stopping and. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc.
To optimize the production of clean ore and to minimize contamination by waste as well as ore losses, it is necessary. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. This method is unlike sublevel caving, in that both the ore and the rock are normally involved in the caving. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional. Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu. In block caving, a large section of rock is undercut, creating an artificial cavern that fills with its own rubble as it collapses. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. Caving models simulate cave flow for the lifeofmine of a caving operation for several outcomes such as recovery, dilution and production scheduling.
The block model is discretized to blocks of a userdefined size. The caved waste from the overlying rock mass fills the void. Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2.